How can i check/test to see if the front differential is the problem without taking everything apart?

If you go the jack up the rear end route, be sure and chock both front wheels, forward and rearward real good on both sides before performing the test.
When you perform this test, it will set an ABS light on the dash, but it will go away once you drive it down the road a little with all four wheels rotating.
When you let off the throttle, be sure and slowly & gently brake the rear wheels to a slow stop before placing the transmission back in Park.
Do not think you can perform this kind of test on an 06 model since it has the traction control ABS system.

If it is an 05 model, you can either jack up the rear end and place it on jack stands with rear tires OFF the ground or simply place the vehicle on a shop lift and lift it up until all tires are off the ground, then crank it up, place transmission in drive and bring speed up to level where you were hearing the noise.
If you don't hear any noise while performing this test, it will eliminate everything on the REAR running gear thus eliminating all those parts.
Short of taking the front differential apart for inspection, your options are limited.
They do make electronic listening devices for finding noises where you put pickups at strategic locations under the vehicle and then go drive the vehicle and listen for the culprit noise. (See information below)


Wireless ChassisEAR Diagnostic Device Kit: https://www.steelmantools.com/wireless- ... 60635.html
SKU 60635, can be ordered direct or bought on Amazon.
The STEELMAN 60635 Wireless ChassisEAR is a unique automotive diagnostic device designed to pinpoint squeaks, rattles, vibrations, and other noises across a vehicle's engine, axles, and chassis.

Make sure it is not tire noise. Put it up on a rack (lift) and run up to speed where noise is usually heard and see if it is still there or it goes away.
(this will most likely trigger a ABS alarm, but it will go away once you drive it around on solid ground again)
If you still hear it, then it is in the driveline somewhere.
If you don't hear it, then it is most likely a bad tire?
While you got it up on a lift, you can spin the front tires/hubs by hand and listen and feel for a bad hub bearing and check all CV joints, driveshaft CV joints, and rear U joints.