Some ball joint presses have a ball in the end of the threaded rod, make sure it did not come from there.... They are usually smaller though!
If you did not unbolt the CV axle, and none of the CV joints boots are busted, it could not have come out one of the CV joints...
There are NO balls as you describe associated with the brake caliper...
One outside of the box thought: If it had busted a CV joint in the past and maybe one of the balls got lodged somewhere around where you were working and you dis-lodged it and it fell out????

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