Lot's of good arguments and opinions well thought out there. I'm a proof positive kind of person however, so that is why I like to experiment. I've had a K&N FIPK on the Jeep for over 30,000 miles now and have not taken it off because it DOES improve mileage with very slight performance gains. If it didn't I would have taken it off. I also have had an Airaid TBS installed for about 5,000 miles and I 'm starting to think that it isn't worth a darn! When I looked at it I was skeptical because the ID of the TBS is smaller than the ID of the throttle body *RED FLAG*. I installed it and did notice a good kick between 3500 and 4000 RPM's, almost like a passing gear in an automatic (I have a 5-speed), but that's about it. No real performance or mileage gains, and now I believe the TBS is DECREASING my mileage due to decreased air intake.
I speak from experience, not theory. A theory is a hypothesis is a guess as far as I am concerned. Experiment, that's why we all have brains and why we all come to this board. To gather information so we can all figure out exactly what works and what doesn't. Theories are great conversation, but if you've never experimented with anything, you're really not speaking from experience and cheating yourself out of real knowledge.
My understanding of modern motors is that every time you turn the key (not every 50 times), it reads the temp, humidity, and other factors. This is why just about all after-market engine parts state specifically to unhook the negative battery cable prior to installing the mod. This was the first instruction for the K&N FIPK. Since electricity flows from neg. to pos. you are cutting off the elec. supply to the computer, or "brain" and therefore forcing it to reset when you rehook the neg. cable. This allows the computer to "read" the data it receives with the new mod installed to promote maximum effectiveness and performance. It does the same with the weather conditions and properly tunes the engine to that data, like a little miniature meteorology station inside your Jeep, haha.
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